Index

An overview of all themes of the World of the Habsburgs

  1. Reigns and Rulers I

    955–1291

    1. Ostarrîchi: Austria under the Babenbergs
    2. The Habsburgs’ origins as a Swiss noble family
    3. Rudolf I of Habsburg: From ‘poor count’ to King of the Romans
    4. King Ottokar’s Fortune and End
    5. The Habsburgs take over Austria

  2. Of Reading and Writing

    1200–1850

    1. The textualization of the world
    2. If only I could read
    3. Places of learning: schools
    4. A Viennese institution: the Collegium civium
    5. Book production in the Middle Ages
    6. What did people read in the Middle Ages? Courtly and middle-class reading matter
    7. The invention of the printing press
    8. The secularization of education
    9. The first schoolbooks are printed
    10. I want more! The revolution in reading in the eighteenth century
    11. Read, read, read …
    12. Pirate editions commissioned by the state

  3. Country Life in the Middle Ages

    1273–1500

    1. ‘The end of the world is nigh’ – The people of Europe beset by natural disasters
    2. ‘Mortalitas magna’ – the ‘Great Death’ – the plague epidemic of 1348-9
    3. Large areas of land completely deserted – Demographic trends and agricultural production
    4. Lord of the manor has vacancies for peasants, with possible tenure for life – The origin of the peasant class
    5. Of maids and day labourers, craftsmen and the ‘unhoused’ – Social groups in the countryside
    6. Peasants versus the lords of the manor – Rural revolts

  4. Townscapes

    1273–1500

    1. ‘High society’ – How having the rights of a burgher went hand in hand with social status
    2. On the fringes of town – beggars, prostitutes, hangmen
    3. Craftsmen are men – and women? Work for women and men in the world of urban crafts and trades
    4. Tuesday and Saturday are market days – crafts, markets and food supplies in medieval Vienna
    5. Persecution of the Jews in the Middle Ages – With social and economic motives and religious and ideological...

  5. Holy Business

    1273–1500

    1. Anything holy will fetch a good price – The medieval trade in religious relics
    2. Good business under the protection of saints – Markets in monasteries and cemeteries
    3. Monastery business matters – Monasteries and trade in the Middle Ages
    4. Off to the ‘holy places’ – Pilgrims and pilgrimages in the Middle Ages

  6. The Birth of a Dynasty

    1278–1476

    1. Ancient connections: Swiss monasteries as Habsburg loci of remembrance
    2. The Holy Roman Empire and the divine order of the world
    3. A cathedral without a bishop: St Stephen’s in Vienna
    4. Almost a crown: The Austrian archducal coronet
    5. The quest for ‘blue blood’ – the Habsburgs’ fictitious ancestors
    6. AEIOU
    7. The House of Austria – the Habsburgs and the Empire
    8. The double-headed eagle: the omnipresent emblem of the Habsburgs

  7. The Hofburg

    1278–1918

    1. The beginnings – the medieval Hofburg
    2. The spiritual centre: the Hofburg Chapel
    3. The Habsburg Court monastery – St Augustine’s
    4. A question of priorities
    5. Vienna Gloriosa: The grandiose projects of Charles VI
    6. The Ceremonial Apartments
    7. The glory that was Rome – Franz Joseph’s dream of an Imperial Forum
    8. The Presidential Chancellery and the long shadow of the double eagle

  8. Art and ‘junk’ – the Habsburgs and their cabinets of art and curiosities

    1278–1835

    1. The horn of a unicorn and the Holy Grail: the Habsburg treasure
    2. Theatrum mundi: the whole world contained in a single chamber
    3. The Ambras Kunstkammer
    4. The Kunst- und Wunderkammer of Emperor Rudolf II
    5. Systematization: how the Habsburg art collections came to form the basis of modern museums

  9. Reigns and Rulers II

    1282–1406

    1. A king and his murderer
    2. Forgery à la Habsburg: the Privilegium maius
    3. If I were King ... – Duke Rudolf IV ‘the Founder’
    4. Fraternal strife and territorial partitioning
    5. Frederick of the Empty Pockets and the Tyroleans

  10. The Land of Monasteries

    1282–1790

    1. Marks of presence: ecclesiastical endowments of the Habsburgs in Vienna
    2. Mauerbach and Gaming: the rise and fall of two Habsburg monastic foundations
    3. The struggle for peoples’ souls – the Habsburgs and the Counter-Reformation
    4. The Habsburg Court monastery – St Augustine’s
    5. New spirit in old buildings: religious houses in the Baroque era
    6. The question of utility: The ‘Klostersturm’ under Joseph II

  11. With Trumpets and Drums

    1296–1918

    1. A travelling orchestra for Maximilian I
    2. An official post at last! The secularization of the Hofmusikkapelle
    3. A difficult legacy? The Hofmusikkapelle on its journey to the present day
    4. The spiritual centre: the Hofburg Chapel

  12. Knowledge is Power

    1348–1900

    1. A university for Vienna
    2. Teachers and students at Vienna University
    3. ‘Bursen’ and ‘Koderien’ – the student hostels of the Middle Ages
    4. Septem artes liberales: What was studied in the Middle Ages?
    5. Winds of change – humanism arrives at Vienna University
    6. More state influence: Gerard van Swieten’s reform of the university
    7. Revolution! Academic freedom for the university and women in the lecture halls

  13. Reigns and Rulers III

    1404–1500

    1. Habsburg occupation of the royal throne
    2. The posthumous prince and his guardian
    3. A weak yet tenacious emperor: Frederick III
    4. Fraternal strife: Emperor Frederick III versus Duke Albrecht VI
    5. The Hungarians are coming: Emperor Frederick III versus Matthias Corvinus
    6. The reuniting of the Habsburg lands: Maximilian I

  14. Tu felix Austria nube

    1430–1570

    1. Marrying into Burgundy: Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy
    2. Marrying into Spain: Philip the Fair and Joan the Mad
    3. Marrying into Bohemia and Hungary with a double wedding in Vienna
    4. Daughters and sisters, get married!

  15. The Habsburgs in Sound and Image

    1450–1918

    1. Art in the service of power
    2. Marry me – the functions of portraiture
    3. Who am I?
    4. The beloved family
    5. This portrait is enchanting fair – portraiture as a source of income
    6. Private insights
    7. The fascination of the past
    8. An anthem for the emperor
    9. Franz Joseph’s portrait

  16. Habsburg against Turkey and France

    1453–1739

    1. A new great power in south-east Europe: the Ottoman Empire
    2. ‘Blood enmity’ with France: Charles V against Francis I
    3. ‘The Turk’ at the gates of Vienna: Episode 1
    4. (Minor) hostilities along the Military Frontier
    5. Habsburg versus the Sun King
    6. ‘The Turk’ at the gates of Vienna: Episode 2
    7. The battle for the Spanish inheritance
    8. Prince Eugene, the ‘noble knight’

  17. ‘Es gibt nur a Kaiserstadt, es gibt nur a Wien’ – ‘There’s only one imperial city, there’s only one Vienna’...

    1478–1913

    1. Wiener Neustadt – the ‘forever loyal’ city
    2. Innsbruck – Residence with Alpine panorama
    3. Graz – a bulwark of faith
    4. The Hradčany – the castle at Prague
    5. Pressburg – the capital of exile
    6. The castle in Buda – symbol of the Compromise

  18. Reigns and Rulers IV

    1486–1618

    1. The last knight: Maximilian I
    2. Charles V and the empire ‘on which the sun never set’
    3. The birth of the Austrian line: Ferdinand I
    4. Sympathetic towards Protestants: Maximilian II
    5. The tripartite division of the Austrian inheritance
    6. The Habsburg ‘fraternal quarrel’: Rudolf II against Matthias

  19. Below Ground

    1500–1739

    1. White gold – The Habsburgs’ salt monopoly
    2. Salt sites – Where the Habsburgs produced their salt
    3. The land of silver and coins – Mining silver and minting coins in Tyrol
    4. Old iron – The iron and arms industries in the early modern period
    5. The knife’s edge – Scythes and knives as big sellers

  20. Worlds of Delight

    1500–1739

    1. Merry on wine and beer – Tales of inns and taverns
    2. Brewing beer, growing wine and providing revenue for the authorities – Of breweries and vineyards
    3. Aristocrats with a sweet tooth – How chocolate ‘conquered’ Vienna
    4. Therapeutic, luxurious and a stimulant – Coffee and tea are put on the menu
    5. As sweet as sugar – from luxury item to article of mass consumption
    6. The joys of smoking versus addiction to tobacco – From nobleman to farmer’s wife, smoking is for everyone
    7. When non-smoking threatened the Monarchy – The non-smokers of Lombardy

  21. Travelling in the Service of the Monarch

    1500–1740

    1. Jesuits evangelize the world
    2. Tour de France and Giro d’Italia: popular tours even before the days of the racing bike
    3. Peasants on border patrol
    4. Croatian colonists for a devastated (Burgen)land
    5. The ‘legs’ of the community: Of pedlars and the imperial Taxis Post

  22. Good. Better. Habsburg.

    1500–1650

    1. Maximilian and the preservation of his memory
    2. 28 The ‘Black Men’ and an emperor
    3. A medieval ‘freelancer’: Albrecht Dürer
    4. The ‘completer’: Ferdinand I
    5. Depicting imperial might in pictures – with fruit
    6. Who am I?

  23. Innovations

    1500–1648

    1. Good sight – Spectacles are put on noses
    2. Measuring time – Of large tower clocks and small pocket watches
    3. Punctual town dwellers, timeless peasants, leisurely women – Or: why clock time is not for everyone
    4. A look at the starry heavens – Sights and insights through the telescope

  24. Of Witches, Barber-surgeons and Healers

    1500–1740

    1. Hosts, patron saints and books of miracles. White magic for Christians
    2. A robot in Prague and an elixir for Rudolf II
    3. In league with the devil
    4. Healing with herbs. Theriac and other remedies
    5. Washing, drawing, lancing – the requisite skills for a barber-surgeon in early modern times

  25. The ‘Household-Family’ – Living and Working Together

    1500–1740

    1. Monarch of all he surveys. The patriarchal household
    2. Living (like) in a commune?
    3. Childbearing and childrearing. Women in the household
    4. Like father, like son …
    5. The Church has its say. New standards of morality for the household-family

  26. Knowledge of Medicine in the Early Modern Era

    1500–1740

    1. Wanted: gravediggers!
    2. Syphilis – an American disease?
    3. Dealing in drugs and herbs. A lucrative business
    4. Popular medical treatments – cupping, bleeding and purging
    5. Imbalances of the humours and the nervous system: the beginning of the campaigns against onanism

  27. Learning to Shop at the Grocer’s

    1500–1648

    1. Speculation in foodstuffs in the early modern period – The links between weather, manorial estates and grai...
    2. Guaranteed cheap and definitely not stolen – Flea markets in the early modern period
    3. Everything one’s heart desires – Europe’s commercial arteries
    4. Of markets and fairs – and their importance for trade
    5. Not a global player after all – On overseas trade
    6. The Court as ‘liberator’ – Of Court craftsmen and craftsmen ‘exempted by the Court’

  28. In His Majesty’s Service

    1500–1650

    1. The importance of art and artists for the Habsburgs
    2. Freelance artists in the sixteenth century
    3. Working at Court I: pro and contra
    4. Working at Court II: conditions of production
    5. A medieval ‘freelancer’: Albrecht Dürer

  29. Of global empires and dream worlds

    1500–1739

    1. The Golden Fleece
    2. Charles V and the vision of universal monarchy
    3. The Neugebäude – an idealist’s dream
    4. The Habsburgs’ Spanish dream
    5. The Escorial
    6. Signs of imperial majesty: the Crown of Rudolf
    7. Rudolf II and the ‛Golden City’
    8. The new Rome: Fischer von Erlach and the 'Kaiserstil'
    9. The Karlskirche
    10. In the company of gods and heroes – the Habsburgs, Schönbrunn and classical antiquity

  30. Reformation and Counter-Reformation. A New Era

    1500–1740

    1. From the Hutterites to the Amish
    2. With the caroja to the auto-da-fé. The Spanish Inquisition
    3. Counting the days afresh
    4. Tertius gaudens – when two quarrel, a third rejoices
    5. Horn: town of insurgent Estates

  31. Glassworks, Paper Mills and Fish Ponds

    1500–1648

    1. Oxen at knock-down prices - peasant levies
    2. Fish on the table – Fish ponds as a source of income
    3. Rags and rag collectors – On making paper
    4. Crystal clear – Glass production in the early modern period

  32. Shaken by Crises

    1500–1648

    1. Money from the ‘New World’ – sources of money and taxation under the Habsburgs
    2. Wars are an expensive business – Defence against the Turks as a burden on Habsburg finances
    3. Turning lead into silver – Experiments in alchemy at the Imperial Court
    4. ‘Sponsored by Fugger’ – Trading houses as financial backers
    5. (In)voluntary loans – The Jews as financial backers

  33. A Tripartite Society and Social Conflict

    1500–1740

    1. The Wiener Neustädter Blutgericht – the hanging tribunal at Wiener Neustadt
    2. Anti-Fuggerians in the mines
    3. ‘When Adam delved and Eve span …’
    4. Making war pay
    5. Life in the towns and cities

  34. Baroque splendour for Church and Emperor

    1550–1730

    1. The counter-reformers: Charles II of Inner Austria and Ferdinand II
    2. Art and the Thirty Years’ War
    3. Monastic institutions in Austria
    4. Foreign dominance in the Austrian painting sector
    5. A house in the country
    6. Stately architecture – Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach

  35. Schönbrunn – the Habsburgs’ imperial showpiece

    1569–1918

    1. Schönbrunn before ‛Schönbrunn’ – the beginnings
    2. From castle in the air to château de plaisance – Schönbrunn and Fischer von Erlach
    3. A myth is created – Maria Theresa and Schönbrunn
    4. With pomp and circumstance – Schönbrunn as the arena of the Imperial Court
    5. In the company of gods and heroes – the Habsburgs, Schönbrunn and classical antiquity
    6. The allure of the exotic – Habsburgs and the fashion for all things Chinese
    7. Private – No Entry!
    8. Schönbrunn – final glory and last arena of the Monarchy
    9. Schönbrunn in the inter-war period – a palace without an emperor
    10. Schönbrunn after the Second World War – nostalgia and imperial cult

  36. Reigns and Rulers V

    1595–1740

    1. Persecutor of the Protestants: Ferdinand II
    2. Another Ferdinand: Ferdinand III
    3. Leopold I: ‘Türkenpoldl’
    4. Reforming zeal in the Baroque: Joseph I
    5. Worries about the younger generation: Charles VI

  37. ‘We must have spectacle.’

    1600–1800

    1. The first opera at the imperial Viennese Court
    2. Pomp and state: Baroque festivities at the Viennese court
    3. Party-time: The marriage of Leopold I and Margarita of Spain
    4. An emperor as composer
    5. A musical family
    6. Domestic music-making instead of festive operas – the end of the Baroque opera
    7. The party continues: private performances by the imperial children
    8. A private stage: the theatre at Schönbrunn Palace
    9. A very special Christmas concert: Joseph Haydn and the Russian grand duchess

  38. The Thirty Years’ War

    1617–1648

    1. Governors thrown out of window
    2. The Czech trauma of Bílá Hora
    3. Emperor Ferdinand II intoxicated by power
    4. ‘Heja Sverige’: The Swedes are coming
    5. Wallenstein: death by murder
    6. The war’s terrible final phase
    7. Peace at last

  39. With Pomp and Splendour

    1649–1791

    1. The Emperor and his Court
    2. The omnipotence of etiquette – ceremonial at the Viennese Court
    3. The Ceremonial Apartments
    4. With pomp and circumstance – Schönbrunn as the arena of the Imperial Court
    5. Members only – the right of admission to Court
    6. A question of honour – receiving the diplomatic corps
    7. Honorary services at Court – it’s being there that counts!
    8. The public banquet – a visual feast for the crowd
    9. On the 'Empress’s side' – women at Court
    10. Happy imperial holidays – summer residences around Vienna
    11. Imperial ‘downtime’: the Habsburg passion for hunting
    12. The emperor’s new clothes – Joseph II’s break with tradition

  40. Habsburg’s nobility

    1649–1739

    1. The Court as the source of power
    2. A closed society
    3. Members only – the right of admission to Court
    4. Noblesse oblige – aristocratic career paths
    5. On the edges of power – the four highest ceremonial Court ranks
    6. Faith and power – the nobility and the Catholic Church
    7. Vienna – the city as stage for the display of aristocratic status

  41. ‘For the diversion of the public and Your Majesty’

    1700–1790

    1. From real tennis court to Court Theatre
    2. A traffic obstruction: the Kärntnertortheater
    3. Noble entertainment, loss-making ventures
    4. ‘Woeful taste’: German-language theatre in need of censorship
    5. Kasperl versus Sonnenfels: the ‘Hanswurst controversy’
    6. An Emperor as theatre director and talent scout
    7. Happy endings: a ‘Viennese’ ending for Hamlet & Co.

  42. Alla turca

    1700–1913

    1. Turquerie – the reception of the Orient in Europe
    2. Maria Theresa in Turkish dress
    3. Impaling Turks’ heads at Court
    4. Turks in Vienna! The Abduction from the Seraglio at Vienna’s Burgtheater
    5. Habsburgs à la turca. A political issue (Part 1)
    6. The classic ‘Other’. Habsburgs à la turca (Part 2)
    7. A ‘Turkish Salon’ in the Vienna Hofburg

  43. ‘A Kind of Frenzy’

    1711–1918

    1. Courtly and popular pleasures
    2. Viennese masquerades
    3. A new venue: the Redoute Rooms
    4. The bears are out! Bloodthirsty pleasures at the Hetz amphitheatre
    5. The Biedermeier mania for dancing
    6. The Viennese coffee house
    7. The Viennese waltz
    8. The Strauss dynasty – a family business
    9. Roll up, roll up! Entertainments in the Prater

  44. Love Stories and Marriage Business

    1736–1913

    1. Producing a dynasty
    2. The marriages of the ‘useful’ emperor
    3. Be fruitful and multiply
    4. The favourite daughter and the patron of the arts
    5. The Queen of Naples and Sicily
    6. The Queen of France
    7. Marriage with the devil
    8. No lengthy mourning – remarriage in the Biedermeier era
    9. The Empress of Brazil
    10. Love is free
    11. To love and honour her, till death do you part?

  45. What do the emperor’s apartments look like? What about middle-class households?

    1740–1918

    1. Maria Theresa, empress and interior designer
    2. ‘Dispensing with all unnecessary pomp’
    3. Trying out comfort and cosiness for a change: Biedermeier at Court
    4. What do the Emperor’s apartments look like?
    5. … And what about middle-class households?
    6. Forwards into history – The ‘Maria-Theresian style’
    7. The emperor on his summer retreat: the imperial villa at Ischl
    8. A ‘Turkish Salon’ in the Vienna Hofburg
    9. The emperor’s furniture – the Hofmobiliendepot

  46. The Dream of Affluence

    1740–1792

    1. Go forth and multiply! The Habsburgs’ human capital
    2. Measure the masses – Of ‘descriptions of souls’ and house numbers
    3. More people – Population growth in the Monarchy
    4. For the happiness of the population? State welfare and tax systems
    5. It is not (only) a matter of size – The population must work more

  47. Pulling Threads

    1740–1848

    1. The Emperor is spinning, the Empress is peeved – Workshops and Habsburg economic policy
    2. Cottage industry – Outwork and ‘putting out’
    3. ‘Spinning Jenny’ versus the workshops or ‘manufactories’ – Of workshops and new machines
    4. With needle and thread – The invention of the sewing machine
    5. The guilds as tax collectors – Eighteenth-century craft reforms
    6. Does competition stimulate trade? Journeymen in Vienna protest against the ‘manufactories’
    7. If you earn money you can go shopping – The link between the manufactories and consumerism

  48. A Question of food

    1740–1792

    1. Joseph II’s ‘sacred’ plough – The Emperor as farmer
    2. Survey the country and put a tax on land – The Josephinian land register was used for a new system of taxation
    3. More land for agriculture – The search for arable land
    4. Dead sparrows and prayers against locusts – Measures to increase yields
    5. What is put on the table is eaten! A short history of the potato

  49. On Land, on Water and in the Air

    1740–1792

    1. It is forbidden to wear clogs! Saving energy under Maria Theresa and Joseph II
    2. Coal instead of wood – Coal as an alternative supplier of energy
    3. Through the Monarchy by mail coach – Improvements to the road network
    4. The Danube flows in the wrong direction – Waterways as a form of transport with obstacles
    5. Unidentified flying object approaching from Prague – Balloon journeys as a spectacular show

  50. No Borders But There Are Restrictions

    1740–1792

    1. Attention: End of customs area! Customs borders as economic obstacles
    2. Tolls are not there for fun – Anyone going on a journey had to pay tolls
    3. Who is protected by protective tariffs? Sealing off the Monarchy as a form of economic programme
    4. At the Hungarian border things came to a stop – Hungary is given the role of the Monarchy’s granary

  51. Emperor, King, Nobleman, Burgher, Peasant, Beggarman

    1740–1913

    1. The old versus the new social order
    2. The peasant is free
    3. ‘Please wake me tomorrow at half-past three!’
    4. The ‘Brick Bohemians’ of Wienerberg and imperial building projects
    5. Refined manners and genteel conduct
    6. Welcome to the Biedermeiers!
    7. The new trend: the nuclear family as luxury commodity

  52. Financial Affairs

    1740–1792

    1. St Nicholas’ Day gifts and a fortune ‘under the mattress’ – What Maria Theresa earned and did with her money
    2. More state, less private enterprise. Or: Marrying can make you rich!
    3. The ‘fat lady’ in Ethiopia - Maria Theresa’s likeness on its travels
    4. Money of paper – Financial necessity is the mother of invention
    5. Let speculation commence ... The founding of the Vienna Stock Exchange

  53. ‘Better a mediocre peace than a glorious war’

    1741–1814

    1. The Habsburg heiress versus the European world of men
    2. The peace-loving mother-figure versus the neurotic megalomaniac?
    3. The Seven Years’ (World) War
    4. A war over plums and potatoes
    5. Yet another war against the Turks – but this time it was for the last time
    6. The people versus the useful emperor

  54. Something to Celebrate? Habsburg festivities

    1741–1918

    1. The Erbhuldigung – The act of Hereditary Homage
    2. Old times, new times: the coronation of Joseph II in Frankfurt
    3. A wedding album – the marriage of Joseph II to Isabella of Parma
    4. The public banquet – a visual feast for the crowd
    5. The subtle distinction: Court Ball and Ball at Court
    6. The Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy: the coronation of the Hungarian royal couple
    7. The last act – stately obsequies

  55. Where the Emperor and the People Meet

    1741–1919

    1. The Prater – from imperial hunting ground to metropolitan leisure amenity
    2. Face to face – an audience with Franz Joseph
    3. The Emperor in the classroom
    4. The changing of the palace guard or ‘The Palace Growl’
    5. Precariously close
    6. Playing cards with the Habsburgs
    7. Emperor Karl on his way into exile

  56. Is Only the Emperor Powerful?

    1741–1918

    1. The pillars of Maria Theresa’s throne
    2. Archdukes in holy orders
    3. Metternich: ‘coachman’ and ‘rock’
    4. Archduchess Sophie: the ‘only man’ at court?
    5. In the shadow of an iron lady: Archduke Franz Karl
    6. The King’s Deputy: Archduke Josef, ‘József nádor’
    7. The ‘Reich’s idle rotter’: Archduke Johann

  57. Secondary Arenas

    1741–1914

    1. Private – No Entry!
    2. Schloss Hof – aristocratic country residence and Habsburg family palace
    3. Laxenburg – the Habsburg Arcadia
    4. Bad Ischl – heaven on earth
    5. The emperor on his summer retreat: the imperial villa at Ischl
    6. The Hermes Villa – a private residence funded by the state?
    7. Flushing out woodcock and chasing wild boar – Franz Joseph and his passion for the chase
    8. Palais Augarten: a place of recreation for Archduke Otto
    9. From Sarajevo to Artstetten – Franz Ferdinand’s final resting place
    10. Schloss Eckartsau: Emperor Karl on his way into exile

  58. In Habsburg Lands

    1741–1913

    1. A difficult relationship – Maria Theresa’s Prague legacy
    2. Theresienstadt
    3. Reichstadt – a comfortable retreat for former rulers
    4. ‘When Bohemia still belonged to Austria …’
    5. Eljen király – Long live the king! Maria Theresa and Hungary
    6. The Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy: the coronation of the Hungarian royal couple
    7. The castle in Buda – symbol of the Compromise
    8. Gödöllö Palace – Country residence of the Hungarian royal couple
    9. Miramare – ‘A beautiful house on the seashore’

  59. Reigns and Rulers VI

    1741–1814

    1. Maria Theresa: Empress and mother of her peoples
    2. Maria Theresa: the ‘great reformer’
    3. A new start for the dynasty: Franz I
    4. Rule by mother and son: Joseph II and Maria Theresa
    5. The useful emperor: Joseph II
    6. The short-term emperor and would-be reformer: Leopold II
    7. Back to square one: Franz II (I)

  60. Image of a Dynasty

    1741–1914

    1. A family presents itself - Maria Theresa and the image of the dynasty
    2. A place in the sun: Joseph II, the Augarten and how the Viennese spent their leisure time
    3. The Franzensburg – the ‘citizen-emperor’s’ chivalric fantasy
    4. Archduke Johann: back to nature – the Tyrolean Garden at Schönbrunn
    5. Forwards into history – The ‘Maria-Theresian style’
    6. What do the Emperor’s apartments look like?
    7. The emperor on his summer retreat: the imperial villa at Ischl
    8. His Imperial Majesty deigns to announce ... the Court and the public domain
    9. The Kapuzinergruft – last residence of the Habsburgs

  61. Christkind, St Nicholas & Christmas trees

    1741–1913

    1. The Feast of St Nicholas
    2. Christmas down the ages
    3. O Christmas Tree – the Habsburgs and the Christmas tree
    4. Christmas in the imperial family

  62. The (Virtuous) Souls of the Monarchy

    1751–1787

    1. Maria Theresia and the moral crusade
    2. Enforced retirement for the Jesuits
    3. From monk to pastor
    4. Recycling, even in death
    5. The idea of tolerance
    6. By your leave, my name is …
    7. Settlement projects for Jews and Protestants

  63. Exploring new horizons

    1751–1884

    1. Schönbrunn – imperial research laboratory
    2. South-Sea reveries – traces of the exotic at Schönbrunn
    3. When an emperor prepared his inventory … … then the population was counted
    4. ‘The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Words and Pictures’
    5. An encyclopaedia of the Monarchy

  64. Exotic and Fascinating – or Discriminated, Outlawed, Alienated and Excluded – ‘Foreign’ Elements in the Mon...

    1753–1893

    1. Angelo Soliman
    2. A ‘noble’ robber, and no respecter of borders
    3. Crossing Borders
    4. Habsburgs à la turca. A political issue (Part 1)
    5. The classic ‘Other’. Habsburgs à la turca (Part 2)
    6. The new Austrian anti-Semitism (Part I)
    7. The new Austrian anti-Semitism (Part 2)
    8. The Iwakura Mission 1871/73 – the Japanese in Europe
    9. From the Logbook of Kume Kunitake

  65. Wolfgang Amadé Mozart and the Imperial Court at Vienna

    1756–1791

    1. Wolferl and Nannerl at Court
    2. A genius in search of a position
    3. Mozart vs. Salieri 0:1 – a musical contest at the imperial Court
    4. Turks in Vienna! The Abduction from the Seraglio at Vienna’s Burgtheater
    5. The pianist: Mozart as virtuoso performer
    6. The Marriage of Figaro, the tale of a revolutionary barber
    7. The longed-for position at court: Mozart as Imperial-Royal Court Composer
    8. La clemenza di Tito – but no clemency for Mozart
    9. ‘O Isis and Osiris!’ The Masonic opera, The Magic Flute
    10. Mozart’s last composition

  66. Concern for the welfare of the Empire’s subjects

    1757–1790

    1. Pension provision appropriate to station
    2. Who is overseeing whom? – The bureaucratic state of Joseph II
    3. The peasant as ‘provider for the people’
    4. Discipline to keep the population in order
    5. The Vienna Foundling Home between welfare and population policy
    6. Torture and execution
    7. How unemployment became a social problem

  67. Viennese Diseases

    1764–1913

    1. ‘Water taken in moderation is not harmful’
    2. The battle against smallpox
    3. For the benefit and comfort of the sick
    4. Anatomical wax models und tobacco enemas – the Josephinum as a training institution for medical students
    5. The commitment of Emperor Joseph II to the ‘care of the insane’
    6. Cholera as a salutary process of natural selection?
    7. Prostitution. A case for the Morality Police
    8. ‘All my libido is for Austria-Hungary’

  68. (Re-)organizing the city

    1770–1913

    1. City walls, bastions and glacis – protection or hindrance?
    2. From fortification to promenade
    3. Protection from the proletariat
    4. ‘It is my will’
    5. The construction of the Ringstrasse
    6. Military drill must continue!

  69. Social change in the Enlightenment

    1773–1784

    1. Reformist bishops – the forerunners of the Enlightenment
    2. Before the French Revolution: Horea and the Romanian Peasants’ Revolt of 1784
    3. ‘Viennese tolerated Jews’ as future business magnates
    4. Marriage and divorce
    5. Weaver in winter, bricklayer in summer
    6. Civil rights produce citizens

  70. Schools and Education

    1774–1784

    1. Everyone learns their times tables!
    2. School instead of work
    3. The first schoolbooks are printed
    4. Bohemian industrial classes as a model
    5. Read, read, read …

  71. Unification of Europe à la Napoléon

    1789–1821

    1. Liberté, égalité, fraternité – Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
    2. Against the ‘Jacobin conspiracy’
    3. Aux armes, citoyens – Citizens, to arms!
    4. Battles between ‘emperors’ and ‘peoples’
    5. The victor of Aspern
    6. Resistance in the ‘holy land’ of Tyrol: a Tyrolean Taliban?
    7. The bad guy defeated by the worse ones

  72. The Monarchy in Upheaval

    1789–1910

    1. An atmosphere of upheaval in the Monarchy
    2. What is a constitution?
    3. Constitutional experiments. Paper plans and social practice
    4. The peasant is free
    5. How noblemen became ‘Centralists’ and ‘Federalists’…

  73. ‘It’s like declaiming on a beach facing out to sea’

    1800–1918

    1. Serious and dangerous entertainments
    2. Weh dem, der lügt! Censorship in the theatre
    3. A social hotspot: the Burgtheater
    4. 'Our revels now are ended': the old Burgtheater moves to its new premises on the Ring
    5. Buried alive? The new Burgtheater on Vienna’s Ringstrasse
    6. The theatre-makers

  74. The Habsburg monument cult

    1800–1938

    1. Conserving the old from fear of the new
    2. The Heldenberg: a monument to patriotism
    3. The Vienna Arsenal – from Hall of Fame of the Austrian army to centre of the sciences
    4. God saved the Emperor – and Vienna got the Votivkirche
    5. Two men on horseback preside over ‘Heroes’ Square’
    6. Historic rallies on Heldenplatz
    7. Habsburg heroes, heroines and sons of the Muses – monuments on the Ringstrasse

  75. Classical Music in Nineteenth-Century Vienna

    1800–1918

    1. Vienna’s new art-loving bourgeoisie
    2. Censored!
    3. Singing a chorus for freedom in the police state
    4. The home of opera: The Kärntnertortheater
    5. The ‘sunken chest’: The building of the Vienna Court Opera on the Ring
    6. Musical life in the new opera house on the Ring

  76. Napoleon and Marie Louise

    1810–1815

    1. Emperor Franz II/I and Napoleon
    2. Marie Louise – a childhood spent in the shadows of world politics
    3. Napoleon at Schönbrunn Palace
    4. Napoleon seeks a wife
    5. Napoleon and Marie Louise: Courtship and wedding in Vienna
    6. The handover of the bride
    7. First meeting and wedding in Paris
    8. Marie Louise and the Duke of Reichstadt

  77. Reigns and Rulers VII

    1814–1918

    1. Franz II (I) and the Metternich System
    2. The Emperor who was incapable of governing: Ferdinand I
    3. Franz Joseph, the supreme bureaucrat
    4. The whole world against the Emperor?
    5. The old gentleman of Schönbrunn on the path to the First World War
    6. Karl I: The peace emperor?

  78. Putting (Central) Europe in Order

    1814–1918

    1. The new ordering of Europe in 1814/15
    2. The German Confederation and the German question
    3. ‘In the name of the holy and indivisible Trinity’
    4. ‘Yes, but are they allowed to?’ – The revolution of 1848
    5. An empire in two halves: the Compromise with Hungary
    6. ‘To My Peoples’

  79. From the Magnificent City Centre to the Disreputable Suburbs

    1815–1918

    1. The construction of the Ringstrasse
    2. Living in a top location – Neighbours of the Habsburgs
    3. Does industry go with monarchy? Factories and their workers are kept at arm’s length

  80. The Monarchy Becomes Modern

    1815–1913

    1. Named for Imperial Highnesses – Railways create new mobility
    2. All ways lead to Vienna – Trains mean quick journeys over long distances
    3. Two rulers in an ‘automobile’ – Of means of transport for the emperor and for his people
    4. A princess on a bicycle – Bicycles in the crowded streets
    5. Let there be light - Gas and electricity light up Vienna
    6. New in the catalogue: apartments with running water – Too little and too much water in Vienna

  81. Money Does (Not) Matter

    1815–1918

    1. Is the Emperor rich? Where the Habsburgs got their money from
    2. Not creditworthy – Habsburgs ‘plagued’ by money worries
    3. Gulden and krone, coins and paper. Or: How did the Empress pay?
    4. A Fortune loses its owners – Habsburg assets after 1918

  82. Of Financial Watchmen, Happy Savers and Suicides

    1815–1913

    1. Thrifty Court and expensive army – State expenditure
    2. Tax matters – State revenue
    3. The palace of money – Where does all the money come from?
    4. The Emperor’s savings book and the State’s financiers – Banks and insurance in the Monarchy
    5. Quick money versus old aristocracy
    6. Crisis in the highest circles – Economic boom and stock exchange crash

  83. The Production of Progress

    1815–1913

    1. To every region its task? ‘Division of labour’ in the Habsburg lands
    2. A museum, a university and spies for Franz II (I) – Economic promotion under Franz II (I)
    3. Mass products at the imperial Court – Some indicators of industrial production
    4. Exhibit the world – Vienna as World Exhibition venue
    5. For progress or against technology – Contemporary opinions of technical inventions
    6. Habsburg and Co. Ltd. – Habsburgs as industrialists

  84. War and Peace

    1830–1918

    1. A warlike Habsburg: Archduke Albrecht
    2. War over Italy
    3. The final decisive battle against Prussia
    4. Colonization attempt in the Balkans
    5. The Last Days of Mankind
    6. Downfall and rebirth

  85. (Im)Morality and (Dis)Order in the Imperial House

    1839–1918

    1. Rights and duties in the archducal house
    2. ‘I’m a Habsburg – get me out of here!’
    3. Johann Orth: Habsburg (ret’d)
    4. Secret marriage in Switzerland
    5. The suspended crown princess
    6. Ludwig Salvator: ‘King of Mallorca’
    7. Ludwig Viktor – ‘Archduke Luziwuzi’
    8. Franzl and Sisi, the prototype imperial couple

  86. Downstairs and Upstairs

    1848–1913

    1. Employer: His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty, the Emperor
    2. Classes for the masses: hierarchies of service at the imperial Court
    3. On the edges of power – the four highest ceremonial Court ranks
    4. The Court Kitchens – dining at the emperor's behest
    5. The Court Linen Room
    6. The emperor’s furniture – the Hofmobiliendepot
    7. The emperor as only one person saw him: the valet de chambre and the human sides of the monarch
    8. In the shadow of imperial splendour – the Emperor's difficulties with his staff

  87. The Battle for a Political Voice

    1848–1918

    1. Potential for conflict amongst the people: the struggle begins…
    2. 1848: Die Revolution geht weiter… und zu Ende
    3. Citizens take heart! The first public speeches
    4. Initial successes. The abolition of censorship
    5. A courageous vanguard. The Republic is proclaimed
    6. The right of assembly and association is gained
    7. Austrian women fighting for women’s rights
    8. Victor Adler: the ‘Aulic Councillor of the Revolution’
    9. Karl Lueger’s rise to Mayor of Vienna
    10. A classless civil society? Or: the price of democracy
    11. Winning over the masses

  88. Shopping in the Days of Franz Joseph

    1848–1913

    1. Consumption goes to town – The capital as a ‘city of consumption’
    2. Shopping venues – Inequalities in consumption
    3. If your company wants to use the imperial coat of arms. The Imperial-Royal Court Suppliers
    4. Exclusive items and buying in bulk – What the Habsburgs ordered from the Suppliers to the Imperial-Royal Court
    5. 30 kg of salami or how much does an emperor eat? How the Court was supplied with food
    6. Naked archduke at Court supplier Sacher! A headline that is also good publicity
    7. What do Franz Joseph and a woman revolutionary have in common?

  89. High society – social life in the imperial capital

    1850–1900

    1. A year at Court – the Court Calendar
    2. The subtle distinction: Court Ball and Ball at Court
    3. Members only – the right of admission to Court
    4. The 'first tier' of society - social interaction in the aristocracy
    5. An all too closed society

  90. Elisabeth – icon and outsider

    1854–1898

    1. Franz Joseph and Elisabeth – and they lived happily ever after?
    2. The tender shoots of love: the imperial honeymoon at Laxenburg
    3. Franzl and Sisi, the prototype imperial couple
    4. Elisabeth and the constraints of courtly life
    5. Following in Sisi’s footsteps: the imperial park at Bad Ischl
    6. Fresh milk from happy cows – the Kammermeierei
    7. The Achilleion on Corfu – Elisabeth’s flight into antiquity
    8. The Hermes Villa – a private residence funded by the state?
    9. Death of a European traveller
    10. Luigi Lucheni: the man behind the file

  91. The Ringstrasse as a liberal, middle-class arena

    1857–1914

    1. Ringstrasse palaces
    2. Live like a prince, party like an artist
    3. The Corso of the Viennese bourgeoisie
    4. The Ringstrasse as stage: a pageant for Emperor and people
    5. The Viennese coffee house
    6. Grand Hotels on Vienna’s boulevard

  92. Architectural Splendour

    1857–1913

    1. Historicism – the architectural style of the Ringstrasse
    2. The glory that was Rome – Franz Joseph’s dream of an Imperial Forum
    3. The emperor’s architects
    4. The palaces of art and science
    5. It’s a record! 15,527 visitors on one day at the Kunsthistorisches Museum
    6. The natural history collections
    7. Buried alive? The new Burgtheater on Vienna’s Ringstrasse
    8. The ‘sunken chest’: The building of the Vienna Court Opera on the Ring
    9. God saved the Emperor – and Vienna got the Votivkirche
    10. Two men on horseback preside over ‘Heroes’ Square’
    11. Habsburg heroes, heroines and sons of the Muses – monuments on the Ringstrasse

  93. Died of Unnatural Causes

    1863–1918

    1. The failed Emperor of Mexico
    2. CSI Mayerling – How did the crown prince really die?
    3. Death of a European traveller
    4. Luigi Lucheni: the man behind the file
    5. The fatal assassination in Sarajevo

  94. Decline and Fall

    1889–1918

    1. The old gentleman of Schönbrunn on the path to the First World War
    2. The problem of the succession
    3. Franz Joseph and Franz Ferdinand – a tense relationship
    4. The fatal assassination in Sarajevo
    5. Karl – the unexpected crown prince
    6. ‘To My Peoples’
    7. The Last Days of Mankind
    8. Karl I: The peace emperor?
    9. Emperor Karl I and the collapse of the Monarchy
    10. The final days of the Monarchy
    11. Downfall and rebirth
    12. Schloss Eckartsau: Emperor Karl on his way into exile

  95. Habsburgs in Exile – the Dynasty after 1918

    1918–2300

    1. The Habsburgs in exile I: from Switzerland to Madeira
    2. Attempts to regain power
    3. Putsch attempts in Hungary
    4. Habsburgs in exile II: 1922-1945
    5. Zita – to the very last for ‘God, Emperor and Fatherland’
    6. Otto, the last ‘crown prince’
    7. Otto and Austrofascism
    8. The ‘Habsburg Crisis’
    9. The beatification of Emperor Karl I

  96. Pietas Austriaca

    1526–1739

    1. Pious religious zeal as a sovereign virtue
    2. The struggle for peoples’ souls – the Habsburgs and the Counter-Reformation
    3. Magna Mater Austriae – the veneration of the Virgin as the Habsburg state cult
    4. Under the sign of the Cross
    5. The Corpus Christi procession – ‘God’s Court Ball’
    6. In humility: the foot-washing ceremony
    7. The Habsburg heaven: patron saints of lands and dynasty
    8. For God, Emperor and Fatherland